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Granville number

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In mathematics, specifically number theory, Granville numbers, also known as -perfect numbers, are an extension of the perfect numbers.

The Granville set

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In 1996, Andrew Granville proposed the following construction of a set :[1]

Let , and for any integer larger than 1, let if

A Granville number is an element of for which equality holds, that is, is a Granville number if it is equal to the sum of its proper divisors that are also in . Granville numbers are also called -perfect numbers.[2]

General properties

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The elements of can be k-deficient, k-perfect, or k-abundant. In particular, 2-perfect numbers are a proper subset of .[1]

S-deficient numbers

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Numbers that fulfill the strict form of the inequality in the above definition are known as -deficient numbers. That is, the -deficient numbers are the natural numbers for which the sum of their divisors in is strictly less than themselves:

S-perfect numbers

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Numbers that fulfill equality in the above definition are known as -perfect numbers.[1] That is, the -perfect numbers are the natural numbers that are equal the sum of their divisors in . The first few -perfect numbers are:

6, 24, 28, 96, 126, 224, 384, 496, 1536, 1792, 6144, 8128, 14336, ... (sequence A118372 in the OEIS)

Every perfect number is also -perfect.[1] However, there are numbers such as 24 which are -perfect but not perfect. The only known -perfect number with three distinct prime factors is 126 = 2 · 32 · 7.[2]

Every number of form 2^(n - 1) * (2^n - 1) * (2^n)^m where m >= 0, where 2^n - 1 is Prime, are Granville Numbers. So, there are infinitely many Granville Numbers and the infinite family has 2 prime factors- 2 and a Mersenne Prime. Others include 126, 5540590, 9078520, 22528935, 56918394 and 246650552 having 3, 5, 5, 5, 5 and 5 prime factors.

S-abundant numbers

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Numbers that violate the inequality in the above definition are known as -abundant numbers. That is, the -abundant numbers are the natural numbers for which the sum of their divisors in is strictly greater than themselves:

They belong to the complement of . The first few -abundant numbers are:

12, 18, 20, 30, 42, 48, 56, 66, 70, 72, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 102, 104, ... (sequence A181487 in the OEIS)

Examples

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Every deficient number and every perfect number is in because the restriction of the divisors sum to members of either decreases the divisors sum or leaves it unchanged. The first natural number that is not in is the smallest abundant number, which is 12. The next two abundant numbers, 18 and 20, are also not in . However, the fourth abundant number, 24, is in because the sum of its proper divisors in is:

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 24

In other words, 24 is abundant but not -abundant because 12 is not in . In fact, 24 is -perfect - it is the smallest number that is -perfect but not perfect.

The smallest odd abundant number that is in is 2835, and the smallest pair of consecutive numbers that are not in are 5984 and 5985.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e De Koninck JM, Ivić A (1996). "On a Sum of Divisors Problem" (PDF). Publications de l'Institut mathématique. 64 (78): 9–20. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  2. ^ a b de Koninck, Jean-Marie (2008). Those Fascinating Numbers. Translated by de Koninck, J. M. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8218-4807-4. MR 2532459. OCLC 317778112.